Army awards Charles River Analytics contract to develop AI-powered logistics platform
The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program awarded Charles River Analytics a ~$1.9 million contract to create a logistical intelligence platform that integrates available supply and consumption information for units on the frontline to provide an accurate picture of ammunition availability and force readiness. The SBIR award will be supported by the US Army’s Joint […]
Navy awards Charles River Analytics a contract to facilitate easy integration of hierarchical autonomous systems in the military
As the US military integrates more autonomous systems into its ranks, it must do so in the context of existing command-and-control (C2) structures. Ensuring that new uncrewed systems (UxSs) play well and conform to hierarchical protocols is not easy, but Charles River Analytics is addressing the challenge. The Office of Naval Research awarded Charles River […]
NIH grant supports extension of Charles River’s CBT-based TheraVerse™ product line to include VR app for people looking to quit vaping
Charles River Analytics was awarded a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) to create a virtual reality (VR) application to enhance therapy for quitting electronic cigarettes (vaping). Studies have linked vaping to adverse effects such as oral health problems, lung damage, and […]
Charles River Analytics to help the Air Force execute critical security decisions
Charles River Analytics received Phase II Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) funding from the Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC) to develop integrated tools to support decision-making related to installation security and risk assessment. The resultant system, Real-Time Assessment and Decision Interactive Toolkit (READI), delivers relevant information tailored to the needs of each user in […]
VR tool from Charles River Analytics will help train emergency responders handling hazardous materials
The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) awarded Charles River Analytics a contract to help instructors use virtual reality (VR) tools appropriately and to their full potential to enhance training for emergency responders who may encounter hazardous materials. The project has received funding of approximately a quarter of a million dollars, enabling the design […]
DARPA awards Charles River Analytics multiple SBIR contracts to explore artificial social intelligence for enhanced collective problem-solving
Charles River Analytics was awarded a ~$1.5 M contract from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to create a toolkit that enables collaboration among experts. The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) sequential Phase II contract builds on previous work on a cross-domain collaboration workflow management system and an artificial intelligence (AI) coach for teams. […]
US Army awards Charles River Analytics Phase II SBIR contract to create intelligent training system for Signal Corps
The US Army awarded Charles River Analytics a $1.7M Phase II Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract to create an intelligent system for training Signal Soldiers on communications and information systems. Following a successful Phase I feasibility study, the Charles River team is now developing a system to help enhance the Army’s training content for […]
Navy awards additional contract for Charles River Analytics to develop speech processing for training applications
Charles River Analytics was awarded a Phase II Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract from the Naval Air Systems Command Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division (NAWCTSD). Supported by this funding, the Charles River team and partner OWT Global are developing techniques to tailor speech processing to specialized training applications. Speech recognition and generation […]
Charles River Analytics awarded contract to develop improved virtual training materials for US Navy
Along with the University of Nevada, Reno, Charles River Analytics received a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II award to develop an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) that improves the navigation, seamanship, and ship-handling skills of the US Navy’s Surface Warfare Officers (SWOs). The prototype tool, Mentoring and Responsive Learning through Intelligent Nautical Skill-modeling, Prompting, […]
Air Force Research Laboratory awards Charles River Analytics contract to develop operational XR for space domain awareness
Charles River Analytics was awarded a $1.25 million contract through the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Intelligence Systems, Analytical Systems Branch. The funding enables Charles River to expand their work on an extended reality (XR) system for space situational awareness—as well as battle management and command […]
Charles River Analytics nets contract to increase shared awareness with mixed crewed and uncrewed teams
Facilitated by a Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Phase II contract from the US Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Charles River Analytics is developing advanced display tools that will help human operators effectively team with autonomous systems in challenging communication environments. Tactical Interfaces for Teaming with Autonomy (TITAN) is a multiphase endeavor that will develop […]
New mental health screening tool from Charles River Analytics will aid in warfighter health and readiness
Charles River Analytics is partnering with researchers from Tufts University, the Georgia Institute of Technology (GA Tech), and Emory University to develop techniques for conducting more objective psychological state assessments of warfighters and veterans. The Preconscious Signal Compilation for Robust and Individualized Belief Evaluation (PRESCRIBE) project won a nearly $10.5M contract from the Defense Advanced […]
DARPA’s Defense Sciences Office awards Charles River Analytics contract to develop adaptable AI
Charles River Analytics is combining probabilistic programming and symbolic reasoning for flexible, more resilient artificial intelligence (AI). The company was awarded a $1.6M Phase II contract from the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program to develop adaptable AI systems. This project builds on previous progress that the Charles River team made in combining the best […]
Charles River Analytics awarded contract to develop predictive AI-enabled maintenance tool for electrical transformers
Charles River Analytics received a $1.1 million sequential Phase II Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract to deliver condition-based maintenance of electrical transformers to keep critical power systems running. Probabilistic Operations Warranted for Energy Reliability Evaluation and Diagnostics (POWERED) integrates large amounts of available transformer data to diagnose equipment health and predict the possibility of […]
NASA awards Charles River Analytics additional contract to advance concepts for robots working as a team for lunar exploration
NASA awards Charles River Analytics additional contract to advance concepts for robots working as a team for lunar exploration Charles River Analytics, in collaboration with Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), was awarded a $750,000 contract from NASA to enable robots to work together to explore the Moon. Under the Autonomous Swarming for Teams of Exploration Robots […]
Army taps Charles River Analytics to develop personnel safety system for autonomous ground systems
Charles River Analytics was awarded a $1.7 million contract from the Army Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program to develop a personnel safety system for autonomous ground systems. Operational safety is paramount to successfully deploying driverless systems, as they will operate alongside soldiers, bystanders, and hostile actors. Therefore, these systems must be equipped with a […]
Charles River Analytics completes NASA contract, develops hybrid AI system to identify and assess wildfire risk
Charles River Analytics has completed the first phase of a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory to develop an AI-assisted wildfire risk assessment system. The Wildfire Integrated Modeling, Prediction, and Learning Environment (WIMPLE) uses hybrid artificial intelligence (HAI) to analyze data from multiple sources and provide a better overall understanding […]
Charles River Analytics nets contract to enhance Naval situational awareness at sea
Charles River Analytics received a $1.8 million contract to classify and identify ships and other vessels at sea. The Automatic Text Extraction for Awareness in the Maritime (A-TEAM) system works with existing labeled image datasets and banks of unannotated maritime images to enable automated systems to recognize text on ships at sea. Knowing the ship’s […]
National Institute of Health award extends grant for Charles River Analytics to build VR training technology to help workers manage hazardous materials safely
Charles River Analytics was awarded an additional Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) to create VR modules that enhance training for hazardous waste operations and emergency response (HAZWOPER). Following a successful Phase I and supplemental COVID-19 grant, Charles River continues to build VR content to bridge […]
Charles River Analytics awarded Phase II SBIR contract to help Department of Defense analyze personnel sentiment using natural language processing
Charles River Analytics received a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract from the Department of Defense (DoD) to develop software that uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to analyze free-form text for sentiment. The Jargon Association for Language Analysis in Domains (JALAD) program will save the DoD time and money, as the software automates the […]
Charles River Analytics wins Army contract to develop AI-based adaptive cybertraining tool
Charles River Analytics won a contract, in two phases, to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) and machine-learning-based cyber opponent that would enable more frequent and less resource-intensive cybersecurity training. The $1.1 million Phase II contract, awarded through the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, will run through July 2023. Given the growing threat of cyberwarfare, […]
Charles River Analytics awarded contract to facilitate compliance with software development guidelines
Charles River Analytics won a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I contract from the Department of Defense (DoD) to develop a tool to automate the software compliance evaluation process and aid quality assurance professionals. The contract began in December 2021 and work was completed in June 2022. The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) mission utilizes […]
Charles River Analytics nets SBIR contract to achieve smarter cyber resilience of aircraft systems
Charles River Analytics received a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract from the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to improve cyber resiliency of aircraft systems. Cyber Grammar Representations for Attack Meta-Monitoring including Analysis and Response (CyGRAMMAR) is the result of this effort. Aircraft pose a special challenge for cybersecurity: If a breach were to occur, […]
Charles River Analytics wins DARPA contract to make use of traditionally discarded sensor data from seafaring vessels
Charles River Analytics won a $225K contract from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to research and develop a low-cost device that can collect and analyze data from isolated vessels at sea. Such crowdsourced data can help others navigate the same waters. Seafaring vessels routinely collect data sets for live operations then discard them […]
Charles River Analytics and Team of Researchers Net $11.3 million to Research Authorship Attribution and Authorship Privacy
Charles River Analytics is part of a team of researchers that won a $11.3 million contract to infer authorship of uncredited documents based on the writing style. The Human Interpretable Attribution of Text Using Underlying Structure (HIATUS) program sponsored by the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) uses natural language processing techniques and machine learning […]
Navy Awards Additional Funding to Charles River to Help Conduct Forensic Analysis of Cybersocial and Cybertechnical Attacks
Charles River Analytics won $2.5 million, in two phases, for modeling and inferring intent of cyberspace threat actors. As cyberwarfare ramps up, analysts need effective forensic analysis of both kinds of cyberattacks; on IT infrastructure (cybertechnical) and through social media operations spreading disinformation (cybersocial). Unfortunately cyberattacks have become increasingly complex with explicit obfuscation techniques to […]
Charles River Analytics Wins Contract to Enable More Robust AI Model Development
Charles River Analytics received more than $9M from the US Department of Defense to develop modeling tools for more fail-proof artificial intelligence (AI) systems. As AI systems are increasingly called into service, there’s a greater need for human-machine interfaces (HMI) that keep the operator in the loop. With these interfaces, if an AI model is […]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Awards Charles River Analytics Grant to Design a Tool for Fertility Clinics to Help Manage Pregnancy Outcomes
Charles River Analytics was awarded funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to develop a health management application that helps fertility clinics receive pregnancy outcome information from patients who have undergone assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments. Clinics that provide ART treatments are federally mandated to report outcomes to the CDC to support […]
Department of Energy Awards Small Business R&D Funding to Charles River Analytics
U.S. Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm announced that Charles River Analytics, Inc. will receive $200,000 as part of 259 Department of Energy grants totaling $53 million to 210 small businesses. The awards include projects relating to particle accelerators and fusion technology, applied nanoscience, quantum information applications, and dark matter research, along with a wide range of […]
$2.4M Project by Charles River Analytics Provides Machine Learning Tools for US Navy Intelligence
On a US Navy ship somewhere in the Atlantic, a calibration test fails. A request for remote technical help is sent to help desk staff onshore. They look for clues in the test data, but the clues are too subtle. The staff must escalate the help request to the next level of support. An expert […]
Charles River Success Leads to Additional Navy Funding for Real-Time Ocean Mapping
Following a successful proof of concept, Charles River Analytics was awarded more than $1.1 million by the US Navy to apply computer vision and autonomous robotics capabilities to navigation over the open ocean. Images of the ocean can be captured by sensors on uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs), which also record data about position, orientation, and […]
Charles River Analytics to Design a Maintenance System for the US Army’s Robotic Combat Vehicles
Charles River Analytics is applying the latest in artificial intelligence and machine learning to ensure mission readiness of the US Army’s robotic combat vehicles. Robotic combat vehicles, or RCVs, can reduce casualties and increase combat effectiveness in Army missions. But the same feature that reduces casualties—RCVs have no operators or crew onboard—makes RCV maintenance a […]
Charles River Analytics Develops AI System for Optimizing Intelligence Collection Planning
Charles River Analytics was awarded funding by the US Army to develop an improved system for intelligence collection planning and management. Human collection managers usually create intelligence collection plans by relying on personal experience and judgment. This process is time-consuming and cognitively challenging, and can lead to redundancies, inefficiencies, and critical information gaps. To address […]
Charles River Analytics Builds AI to Manage Exposure of Uncrewed Surface Vehicles
Following successful demonstration of a prototype system, Charles River Analytics was awarded a $600k contract from the US Navy to further develop onboard AI for uncrewed surface vehicles (USVs). USVs in shipping lanes or active fishing zones must be visible to prevent collisions. But when in open waters, USVs may need to hide to avoid […]
Charles River Analytics Awarded $3M by US Navy to Bring High-Performing AI One Step Closer to the Battlefield
AI systems can make decisions and take action at superhuman speeds, but two obstacles limit their use in high-stakes military operations. First, many high-performing AIs are “black boxes”—the reasons for their responses to different scenarios aren’t clear. Second, high-performing AIs may act in surprising ways or make incorrect conclusions. These characteristics are common features of […]
Charles River Analytics Develops an Extended Reality Toolkit for Care Under Fire Training
Charles River Analytics developed Haptics Ontology and Peripheral Layer for Integrative Training Environments (HOPLITE) for the US Army. HOPLITE is an extended reality (XR) toolkit that lets Army instructors create realistic, haptics-integrated training scenarios. These immersive training scenarios let soldiers safely practice stress-inducing, risky operations, such as the Care Under Fire phase of Tactical Combat […]
Charles River Analytics Uses AI to Enhance Equal Opportunity, Diversity, and Inclusion in the Military
Charles River Analytics is helping the Department of Defense (DoD) improve organizational effectiveness and promote equal opportunity, by using a technique called sentiment analysis. Sentiment analysis uses natural language processing (NLP) and other data analysis techniques to derive insights from free-form text. The DoD gathers extensive free-form text data, from sources such as focus group […]
Charles River Analytics’ Smart Surveillance System to Provide Early Detection of Attacks Targeting Army Installations
Charles River Analytics was awarded a contract by the US Army to design a Criminal and Terrorist Indicator and Alert System (CRITICAL). CRITICAL is an enhanced surveillance system plug-in that will provide security personnel at high threat facilities with highly reliable automated alerts on suspicious activity. Faced with constant threats from criminals and terrorists, domestic […]
Charles River Analytics to Build Self-Correcting Infrastructure to Increase Resilience of US Navy Ships
Charles River Analytics was awarded a contract from the US Navy to develop a Self-Healing Adaptation Infrastructure for Loss Tolerance (SAIL). Charles River Analytics is partnering with George Washington University (GWU) on the SAIL effort. Navy ships use a complex, interdependent network of computational elements, including servers, sensor processors, and control systems. When a computer running mission […]
US Air Force and DARPA Award Charles River Analytics Contract to Prototype Human-Machine Teaming for Better Software Design
Charles River Analytics and partners at Collins Aerospace were awarded a ~$6M contract from the US Air Force and DARPA to prototype a Joint, Adaptive, Robust Visualization and Interaction System (JARVIS) to support the design of complex cyber-physical systems. JARVIS is being designed to combine human users’ deep expertise and design intuition with a machine’s […]
Charles River Analytics Works with US Army to Create 3D Conference Room for Mission Planning
Charles River Analytics Inc., developer of intelligent systems solutions, has received funding from the US Army to create an advanced research prototype of Virtual Environment Collaboration Tools for Operational Readiness (VECTOR) augmented and virtual reality (XR) system. VECTOR uses synchronized virtual collaboration environments so that dispersed Mission Command personnel can collaboratively plan, rehearse, and execute missions. VECTOR […]
NASA Awards Charles River Analytics Contract to Support Lunar Robot Exploration
Charles River Analytics was awarded a ~$125K contract from NASA to give teams of exploration robots the ability to act as an autonomous swarm. Charles River has partnered with Dr. Carlo Pinciroli of Worcester Polytechnic Institute’s Novel Engineering for Swarm Technologies (NEST) Lab to support future missions of NASA’s Lunar Exploration Program. As efforts grow […]
Charles River Analytics Executes Contract from the US Navy to Develop a Portable Kayak Survey System
Charles River Analytics was awarded a ~$500K contract from the US Navy to develop an outrigger add-on that will turn any kayak into an autonomous data collection vehicle that measures environmental parameters in shallow coastal environments. These measurements include bathymetry, benthic properties, water column constituents, and hyperspectral radiometry. Currently, these parameters are measured manually using […]
Charles River Analytics Enhances Autonomous UAS Software Portfolio for Environmental Applications
Charles River Analytics was awarded a ~$400K follow-on contract from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to continue development of SOUSAPHONE, a software package that enables uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) swarms to safely conduct semi-autonomous wildlife survey operations. UASs have an important and ever-growing role in support of government, military, commercial, and scientific missions. […]
Charles River Analytics Expands Drone Research for Natural Disaster Relief
Charles River Analytics was awarded a ~$500,000 follow-on contract from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to develop Semi-autonomous Capabilities for the Operation of Uncrewed Teams (SCOUT). SCOUT is a package of algorithms, swarm control software, and smart sensors. NOAA’s Weather-Ready Nation initiative aims to reduce the impact of weather, water, and climate events […]
Charles River Analytics Develops AR/VR Architecture that Supports Training Thousands of Soldiers
Charles River Analytics developed a Compressed Parallel Architecture for AR/VR Training in Data Constrained Terrain (COMPACT) for the US Army. COMPACT is designed to support the Army’s Synthetic Training Environment (STE), which uses augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) to train soldiers at their point of need anywhere in the world. Training must be provided in […]
Charles River Analytics Selected to Lead Team on Breakthrough Research in Protective Biosystems
Charles River Analytics announced it was awarded a contract by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to lead a team of research organizations seeking to develop a novel biosystem solution to protect warfighters from chemical and biological threats. The five-year, $16M contract will focus on neutralizing threats at vulnerable internal tissue barriers (including skin, […]
Charles River Analytics Uses Probabilistic Programming to Address Military Logistics Challenges for DARPA
Charles River Analytics developed State Estimation via Asynchronous Probabilistic Inference for Logistics Enterprises (STAPLES) under a $2 million contract awarded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). STAPLES is an instrumental part of DARPA’s LogX program, which enhances how the DoD’s Joint Logistics Enterprise operates in an increasingly contested global security environment. The Joint […]
Charles River Analytics Receives Follow-On Contract for Naval Detection of Marine Mammals
Charles River Analytics was awarded a ~$1.5 million follow-on contract from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to develop a multi-sensor fusion module that incorporates deep learning to autonomously and accurately detect whales and other aquatic mammals. To protect marine mammals from collisions and sonar exposure, sailors must keep a vigilant lookout. Operators of […]
Charles River Analytics Develops Comms Assessment Tool for US Navy Training Instructors
Charles River Analytics developed Voice Observation for Cross-Platform Communications Assessment and Learning Support (VOCCALS) for the Naval Air Warfare Center. During training, VOCCALS analyzes cross-platform comms against expected skills and behaviors, automatically identifying meaningful events that instructors can use to review and report on communications performance. VOCCALS uses speech recognition and semantic analysis components to […]
US Army Awards Charles River Analytics Additional Funding to Detect and Prevent Cybersecurity Breaches in Military Ground Vehicles
Charles River Analytics was awarded additional funding from the US Army to develop a Controller Area Network Defense in Depth (CANDID) system. CANDID will use advanced anomaly detection techniques to help detect, mitigate, and prevent cybersecurity breaches in military ground vehicles that rely on vulnerable commercial protocols and electronic systems. CANDID also offers benefits to […]
US Navy Awards Charles River Analytics Contract to Bring Intelligent Adaptive Training to Marines
Charles River Analytics was awarded a ~$1 million contract from the US Navy Office of Naval Research to develop Marine Adaptive Schoolhouse Training with eLearning Repetition Technology (MASTERY). MASTERY brings principles of intelligent tutoring and learning sciences to Marine Corps courses, with an adaptation engine that quizzes students as they learn, monitoring knowledge acquisition and […]
US Navy Awards Charles River Analytics Contract to Improve Understanding of Machine Learning
Charles River Analytics was awarded a $140,000 contract from the US Navy to develop Deep Inference using Strategy Clustering over Embedded Representations (DISCERN). DISCERN is an easy-to-understand, AI-enabled decision aid that helps humans better understand reinforcement learning agents. In reinforcement learning, a programmer trains an AI agent to respond to the surrounding environment. These agents […]
US Department of Transportation Taps Charles River Analytics to Develop Hazard Alert Software for Motorcyclists
Charles River Analytics was awarded a contract from the Department of Transportation for ~$250k to continue developing a cloud-based service for Bolstering Awareness with Real-Time Rider Alerting and Cueing for Upcoming Danger Avoidance (BARRACUDA) for motorcyclists. Injury and mortality rates for motorcyclists are significantly higher than for drivers. Potholes and inclement weather that may not […]
US Air Force Selects Charles River Analytics for Advanced Battle Management Systems Contract
Charles River Analytics has been awarded a $950,000,000 ceiling indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract for the maturation, demonstration, and proliferation of capability across platforms and domains, leveraging open systems design, modern software, and algorithm development to enable Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2). Figure: Charles River will apply its work in diverse fields of […]
US Army Awards Charles River Analytics Contract to Develop Wearable Electronics Docking Pouch for Aircrew
Charles River Analytics, and partners Propel LLC and Armick, were awarded a contract from the US Army to develop Smart Holster Enabling Automatic Device-Tethering for Helo Aircrew (SHEATH). Rotary wing aircrew must quickly access critical information on electronic devices without sacrificing situational awareness or task efficiency. SHEATH is a wearable electronic device dock for the […]
Charles River Analytics Wins Contract from the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) to Tag Training Data Using Gaming Techniques
Charles River Analytics won a contract worth approximately $1 million from NGA to continue developing Gamified Analysis Tasks for Heightened Engagement Across Repetitions (GATHER). Analysts at NGA must produce reliable, labeled training data to automate imagery analysis tasks. GATHER’s gamification techniques are designed to help analysts stay motivated and have fun during this important but […]
Defense Logistics Agency Taps Charles River Analytics to Assess Risks in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
Charles River Analytics is one of four companies awarded an approximately $100K contract from the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) to develop Probabilistic Reasoning on Supply Chain Readiness of International Pharmaceuticals using Trade Information (PRESCRIPTION). PRESCRIPTION pulls together information from global trade networks, including potential disruptors to the supply chain, such as political turmoil or natural […]
US Department of Homeland Security Awards Charles River Analytics Contract to Detect Nuclear Threats with Drones
Charles River Analytics was awarded a ~$1M multi-phase contract from the US Department of Homeland Security to develop a system for Monitoring and Inspecting Dirty Nukes Including Generating Heat Maps of Terrain (MIDNIGHT). MIDNIGHT will enable multiple coordinated uncrewed aircraft to survey, detect, and localize nuclear threats in challenging and dynamic public spaces. Charles River […]
The National Institutes of Health Awards Charles River Analytics Grant to Develop Non-Invasive, Cost-Effective Brain Mapping Techniques
Charles River Analytics was awarded a ~$250K grant from the National Institutes of Health to develop Neurosurgical Planning with Robust Eloquent Area Delineation from Individualized Connectivity-Based Techniques (NeuroPREDICT). NeuroPREDICT is a software application that applies machine learning to medical imagery, enabling brain mapping of neurosurgical patients before surgery. NeuroPREDICT will increase the accuracy of emerging […]
